El-Badry, Kareem

Article from CaltechAUTHORS

Zhang, Keming and Zang, Weicheng, et el. (2024) An Earth-mass planet and a brown dwarf in orbit around a white dwarf; Nature Astronomy; 10.1038/s41550-024-02375-9
Wu, Zexuan and Dong, Subo, et el. (2024) Gaia22dkvLb: A Microlensing Planet Potentially Accessible to Radial-velocity Characterization; Astronomical Journal; Vol. 168; No. 2; 62; 10.3847/1538-3881/ad5203
El-Badry, Kareem and Rix, Hans-Walter, et el. (2024) A population of neutron star candidates in wide orbits from Gaia astrometry; Open Journal of Astrophysics; Vol. 7; 001c.121261; 10.33232/001c.121261
Adamane Pallathadka, Gautham and Chandra, Vedant, et el. (2024) Discovery of a Proto–White Dwarf with a Massive Unseen Companion; Astrophysical Journal; Vol. 968; No. 1; 42; 10.3847/1538-4357/ad3e86
El-Badry, Kareem (2024) Gaia's binary star renaissance; New Astronomy Reviews; Vol. 98; 101694; 10.1016/j.newar.2024.101694
Arseneau, Stefan and Chandra, Vedant, et el. (2024) Measuring the Mass–Radius Relation of White Dwarfs Using Wide Binaries; Astrophysical Journal; Vol. 963; No. 1; 17; 10.3847/1538-4357/ad2168
Rodriguez, Antonio C. and Cendes, Yvette, et el. (2024) No X-Rays or Radio from the Nearest Black Holes and Implications for Future Searches; Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific; Vol. 136; No. 2; 024203; 10.1088/1538-3873/ad228e
Nagarajan, Pranav and El-Badry, Kareem, et el. (2024) ESPRESSO Observations of Gaia BH1: High-precision Orbital Constraints and no Evidence for an Inner Binary; Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific; Vol. 136; No. 1; 014202; 10.1088/1538-3873/ad1ba7
Miller, David R. and Caiazzo, Ilaria, et el. (2023) An Extremely Massive White Dwarf Escaped from the Hyades Star Cluster; Astrophysical Journal Letters; Vol. 956; No. 2; L41; 10.3847/2041-8213/acffc4
El-Badry, Kareem and Rix, Hans-Walter, et el. (2023) A red giant orbiting a black hole; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 521; No. 3; 4323-4348; 10.1093/mnras/stad799
Rodriguez, Antonio C. and Kulkarni, Shrinivas R., et el. (2023) Discovery of Two Polars from a Crossmatch of ZTF and the SRG/eFEDS X-Ray Catalog; Astrophysical Journal; Vol. 945; No. 2; Art. No. 141; 10.3847/1538-4357/acbb6f
Shahaf, S. and Bashi, D., et el. (2023) Triage of the Gaia DR3 astrometric orbits – I. A sample of binaries with probable compact companions; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 518; No. 2; 2991-3003; 10.1093/mnras/stac3290
El-Badry, Kareem and Rix, Hans-Walter, et el. (2023) A Sun-like star orbiting a black hole; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 518; No. 1; 1057-1085; 10.1093/mnras/stac3140
Gull, Maude and Weisz, Daniel R., et el. (2022) A Panchromatic Study of Massive Stars in the Extremely Metal-poor Local Group Dwarf Galaxy Leo A; Astrophysical Journal; Vol. 941; No. 2; Art. No. 206; 10.3847/1538-4357/aca295
El-Badry, Kareem and Conroy, Charlie, et el. (2022) Magnetic braking saturates: evidence from the orbital period distribution of low-mass detached eclipsing binaries from ZTF; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 517; No. 4; 4916-4939; 10.1093/mnras/stac2945
Bashi, D. and Shahaf, S., et el. (2022) Gaia spectroscopic orbits validated with LAMOST and GALAH radial velocities; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 517; No. 3; 3888-3903; 10.1093/mnras/stac2928
El-Badry, Kareem and Conroy, Charlie, et el. (2022) Birth of a Be star: an APOGEE search for Be stars forming through binary mass transfer; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 516; No. 3; 3602-3630; 10.1093/mnras/stac2422
Jayasinghe, T. and Thompson, Todd A., et el. (2022) The 'Giraffe': discovery of a stripped red giant in an interacting binary with an ∼2 M_⊙ lower giant; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 516; No. 4; 5945-5963; 10.1093/mnras/stac2187
Burdge, Kevin B. and El-Badry, Kareem, et el. (2022) A dense 0.1-solar-mass star in a 51-minute-orbital-period eclipsing binary; Nature; Vol. 610; No. 7932; 467-471; 10.1038/s41586-022-05195-x
Shenar, Tomer and Sana, Hugues, et el. (2022) An X-ray-quiet black hole born with a negligible kick in a massive binary within the Large Magellanic Cloud; Nature Astronomy; Vol. 6; No. 9; 1085-1092; 10.1038/s41550-022-01730-y
El-Badry, Kareem and Rix, Hans-Walter (2022) What are the spectroscopic binaries with high-mass functions near the Gaia DR3 main sequence?; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 515; No. 1; 1266-1275; 10.1093/mnras/stac1797
Heintz, Tyler M. and Hermes, J. J., et el. (2022) Testing White Dwarf Age Estimates Using Wide Double White Dwarf Binaries from Gaia EDR3; Astrophysical Journal; Vol. 934; No. 2; Art. No. 148; 10.3847/1538-4357/ac78d9
Hafen, Zachary and Stern, Jonathan, et el. (2022) Hot-mode accretion and the physics of thin-disc galaxy formation; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 514; No. 4; 5056-5073; 10.1093/mnras/stac1603
Hwang, Hsiang-Chih and El-Badry, Kareem, et el. (2022) Wide Twin Binaries are Extremely Eccentric: Evidence of Twin Binary Formation in Circumbinary Disks; Astrophysical Journal Letters; Vol. 933; No. 2; Art. No. L32; 10.3847/2041-8213/ac7c70
Nagarajan, Pranav and Weisz, Daniel R., et el. (2022) RR Lyrae-based Distances for 39 Nearby Dwarf Galaxies Calibrated to Gaia eDR3; Astrophysical Journal; Vol. 932; No. 1; Art. No. 19; 10.3847/1538-4357/ac69e6
Kado-Fong, Erin and Sanderson, Robyn E., et el. (2022) The In Situ Origins of Dwarf Stellar Outskirts in FIRE-2; Astrophysical Journal; Vol. 931; No. 2; Art. No. 152; 10.3847/1538-4357/ac6c88
El-Badry, Kareem (2022) The Gravitational Redshift of Solar-type Stars from Gaia DR3 Wide Binaries; Research Notes of the AAS; Vol. 6; No. 6; Art. No. 137; 10.3847/2515-5172/ac7c16
Patel, Preet B. and Loebman, Sarah R., et el. (2022) Predictions for complex distributions of stellar elemental abundances in low-mass galaxies; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 512; No. 4; 5671-5685; 10.1093/mnras/stac834
El-Badry, Kareem and Seeburger, Rhys, et el. (2022) Unicorns and giraffes in the binary zoo: stripped giants with subgiant companions; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 512; No. 4; 5620-5641; 10.1093/mnras/stac815
Hwang, Hsiang-Chih and Ting, Yuan-Sen, et el. (2022) Wide binaries from the H3 survey: the thick disc and halo have similar wide binary fractions; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 513; No. 1; 754-767; 10.1093/mnras/stac650
Jahn, Ethan D. and Sales, Laura V., et el. (2022) The effects of LMC-mass environments on their dwarf satellite galaxies in the FIRE simulations; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 513; No. 2; 2673-2688; 10.1093/mnras/stac811
Moss, Adam and von Hippel, Ted, et el. (2022) Improving White Dwarfs as Chronometers with Gaia Parallaxes and Spectroscopic Metallicities; Astrophysical Journal; Vol. 929; No. 1; Art. No. 26; 10.3847/1538-4357/ac5ac0
El-Badry, Kareem and Burdge, Kevin B., et el. (2022) NGC 2004 #115: a black hole imposter containing three luminous stars; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 511; No. 2; 3089-3100; 10.1093/mnras/stac274
El-Badry, Kareem and Burdge, Kevin B. (2022) NGC 1850 BH1 is another stripped-star binary masquerading as a black hole; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters; Vol. 511; No. 1; 24-29; 10.1093/mnrasl/slab135
Terreran, G. and Jacobson-Galán, W. V., et el. (2022) The Early Phases of Supernova 2020pni: Shock Ionization of the Nitrogen-enriched Circumstellar Material; Astrophysical Journal; Vol. 926; No. 1; Art. No. 20; 10.3847/1538-4357/ac3820
Rybizki, Jan and Green, Gregory M., et el. (2022) A classifier for spurious astrometric solutions in Gaia eDR3; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 510; No. 2; 2597-2616; 10.1093/mnras/stab3588
Emami, Najmeh and Siana, Brian, et el. (2021) Testing the Relationship between Bursty Star Formation and Size Fluctuations of Local Dwarf Galaxies; Astrophysical Journal; Vol. 922; No. 2; Art. No. 217; 10.3847/1538-4357/ac1f8d
El-Badry, Kareem and Rix, Hans-Walter, et el. (2021) Birth of the ELMs: a ZTF survey for evolved cataclysmic variables turning into extremely low-mass white dwarfs; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 508; No. 3; 4106-4139; 10.1093/mnras/stab2583
Kamdar, Harshil and Conroy, Charlie, et el. (2021) Spatial and Kinematic Clustering of Stars in the Galactic Disk; Astrophysical Journal; Vol. 922; No. 1; Art. No. 49; 10.3847/1538-4357/abfe5d
Nelson, Tyler and Ting, Yuan-Sen, et el. (2021) Distant Relatives: The Chemical Homogeneity of Comoving Pairs Identified in Gaia; Astrophysical Journal; Vol. 921; No. 2; Art. No. 118; 10.3847/1538-4357/ac14be
Martin, David V. and El-Badry, Kareem, et el. (2021) TOI-1259Ab – a gas giant planet with 2.7 per cent deep transits and a bound white dwarf companion; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 507; No. 3; 4132-4148; 10.1093/mnras/stab2129
Stern, Jonathan and Sternberg, Amiel, et el. (2021) Neutral CGM as damped Ly α absorbers at high redshift; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 507; No. 2; 2869-2884; 10.1093/mnras/stab2240
El-Badry, Kareem and Rix, Hans-Walter, et el. (2021) A million binaries from Gaia eDR3: sample selection and validation of Gaia parallax uncertainties; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 506; No. 2; 2269-2295; 10.1093/mnras/stab323
El-Badry, Kareem and Quataert, Eliot, et el. (2021) LAMOST J0140355 + 392651: an evolved cataclysmic variable donor transitioning to become an extremely low-mass white dwarf; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 505; No. 2; 2051-2073; 10.1093/mnras/stab1318
Santistevan, Isaiah B. and Wetzel, Andrew, et el. (2021) The origin of metal-poor stars on prograde disc orbits in FIRE simulations of Milky Way-mass galaxies; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 505; No. 1; 921-938; 10.1093/mnras/stab1345
Irrgang, A. and Geier, S., et el. (2021) A proto-helium white dwarf stripped by a substellar companion via common-envelope ejection. Uncovering the true nature of a candidate hypervelocity B-type star; Astronomy and Astrophysics; Vol. 650; Art. No. A102; 10.1051/0004-6361/202038757
Stern, Jonathan and Faucher-Giguère, Claude-André, et el. (2021) Virialization of the Inner CGM in the FIRE Simulations and Implications for Galaxy Disks, Star Formation, and Feedback; Astrophysical Journal; Vol. 911; No. 2; Art. No. 88; 10.3847/1538-4357/abd776
El-Badry, Kareem and Quataert, Eliot (2021) A stripped-companion origin for Be stars: clues from the putative black holes HR 6819 and LB-1; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 502; No. 3; 3436-3455; 10.1093/mnras/stab285
Flores Velázquez, José A. and Gurvich, Alexander B., et el. (2021) The time-scales probed by star formation rate indicators for realistic, bursty star formation histories from the FIRE simulations; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 501; No. 4; 4812-4824; 10.1093/mnras/staa3893
Mercado, Francisco J. and Bullock, James S., et el. (2021) A relationship between stellar metallicity gradients and galaxy age in dwarf galaxies; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 501; No. 4; 5121-5134; 10.1093/mnras/staa3958
Xiang, Maosheng and Rix, Hans-Walter, et el. (2021) Data-driven Spectroscopic Estimates of Absolute Magnitude, Distance, and Binarity: Method and Catalog of 16,002 O- and B-type Stars from LAMOST; Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series; Vol. 253; No. 1; Art. No. 22; 10.3847/1538-4365/abd6ba
Li, Fei and Rahman, Mubdi, et el. (2021) Probing the CGM of low-redshift dwarf galaxies using FIRE simulations; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 500; No. 1; 1038-1053; 10.1093/mnras/staa3322
Lazar, Alexandres and Bullock, James S., et el. (2020) A dark matter profile to model diverse feedback-induced core sizes of ΛCDM haloes; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 497; No. 2; 2393-2417; 10.1093/mnras/staa2101
Santistevan, Isaiah B. and Wetzel, Andrew, et el. (2020) The formation times and building blocks of Milky Way-mass galaxies in the FIRE simulations; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 497; No. 1; 747-764; 10.1093/mnras/staa1923
Coronado, Johanna and Rix, Hans-Walter, et el. (2020) From birth associations to field stars: mapping the small-scale orbit distribution in the Galactic disc; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 495; No. 4; 4098-4112; 10.1093/mnras/staa1358
Pelliccia, Debora and Mobasher, Bahram, et el. (2020) Effects of Stellar Feedback on Stellar and Gas Kinematics of Star-forming Galaxies at 0.6 < z < 1.0; Astrophysical Journal Letters; Vol. 896; No. 2; Art. No. L26; 10.3847/2041-8213/ab9815
Hafen, Zachary and Faucher-Giguère, Claude-André, et el. (2020) The fates of the circumgalactic medium in the FIRE simulations; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 494; No. 3; 3581-3595; 10.1093/mnras/staa902
El-Badry, Kareem and Quataert, Eliot (2020) Not so fast: LB-1 is unlikely to contain a 70 M_⊙ black hole; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters; Vol. 493; No. 1; L22-L27; 10.1093/mnrasl/slaa004
Hawkins, Keith and Lucey, Madeline, et el. (2020) Identical or fraternal twins? The chemical homogeneity of wide binaries from Gaia DR2; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 492; No. 1; 1164-1179; 10.1093/mnras/stz3132
Tian, Hai-Jun and El-Badry, Kareem, et el. (2020) The Separation Distribution of Ultrawide Binaries across Galactic Populations; Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series; Vol. 246; No. 1; Art. No. 4; 10.3847/1538-4365/ab54c4
Samuel, Jenna and Wetzel, Andrew, et el. (2020) A profile in FIRE: resolving the radial distributions of satellite galaxies in the Local Group with simulations; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 491; No. 1; 1471-1490; 10.1093/mnras/stz3054
El-Badry, Kareem and Ostriker, Eve C., et el. (2019) Evolution of supernovae-driven superbubbles with conduction and cooling; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 490; No. 2; 1961-1990; 10.1093/mnras/stz2773
Garrison-Kimmel, Shea and Wetzel, Andrew, et el. (2019) Star formation histories of dwarf galaxies in the FIRE simulations: dependence on mass and Local Group environment; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 489; No. 4; 4574-4588; 10.1093/mnras/stz2507
Jahn, Ethan D. and Sales, Laura V., et el. (2019) Dark and luminous satellites of LMC-mass galaxies in the FIRE simulations; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 489; No. 4; 5348-5364; 10.1093/mnras/stz2457
El-Badry, Kareem and Rix, Hans-Walter, et el. (2019) Discovery of an equal-mass 'twin' binary population reaching 1000 + au separations; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 489; No. 4; 5822-5857; 10.1093/mnras/stz2480
Fitts, Alex and Boylan-Kolchin, Michael, et el. (2019) Dwarf Galaxies in CDM, WDM, and SIDM: Disentangling Baryons and Dark Matter Physics; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 490; No. 1; 962-977; 10.1093/mnras/stz2613
Dickey, Claire Mackay and Geha, Marla, et el. (2019) AGN All the Way Down? AGN-like Line Ratios Are Common in the Lowest-mass Isolated Quiescent Galaxies; Astrophysical Journal; Vol. 884; No. 2; Art. No. 180; 10.3847/1538-4357/ab3220
Hafen, Zachary and Faucher-Giguère, Claude-André, et el. (2019) The Origins of the Circumgalactic Medium in the FIRE Simulations; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 488; No. 1; 1248-1272; 10.1093/mnras/stz1773
Emami, Najmeh and Siana, Brian, et el. (2019) A Closer Look at Bursty Star Formation with L_(Hα) and L_(UV) Distributions; Astrophysical Journal; Vol. 881; No. 1; Art. No. 71; 10.3847/1538-4357/ab211a
Hirtenstein, Jessie and Jones, Tucker, et el. (2019) The OSIRIS Lens-amplified Survey (OLAS). I. Dynamical Effects of Stellar Feedback in Low-mass Galaxies at z ∼ 2; Astrophysical Journal; Vol. 880; No. 1; Art. No. 54; 10.3847/1538-4357/ab113e
Garrison-Kimmel, Shea and Hopkins, Philip F., et el. (2019) The Local Group on FIRE: Dwarf galaxy populations across a suite of hydrodynamic simulations; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 487; No. 1; 1380-1399; 10.1093/mnras/stz1317
Debattista, Victor P. and Gonzalez, Oscar A., et el. (2019) Formation, vertex deviation and age of the Milky Way's bulge: input from a cosmological simulation with a late-forming bar; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 485; No. 4; 5073-5085; 10.1093/mnras/stz746
El-Badry, Kareem (2019) The geometric challenge of testing gravity with wide binaries; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 482; No. 4; 5018-5022; 10.1093/mnras/sty3109
El-Badry, Kareem and Quataert, Eliot, et el. (2019) The formation and hierarchical assembly of globular cluster populations; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 482; No. 4; 4528-4552; 10.1093/mnras/sty3007
El-Badry, Kareem and Rix, Hans-Walter (2019) The wide binary fraction of solar-type stars: emergence of metallicity dependence at a < 200 AU; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters; Vol. 482; No. 1; L139-L144; 10.1093/mnrasl/sly206
Garrison-Kimmel, Shea and Hopkins, Philip F., et el. (2018) The origin of the diverse morphologies and kinematics of Milky Way-mass galaxies in the FIRE-2 simulations; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 481; No. 3; 4133-4157; PMCID PMC6310044; 10.1093/mnras/sty2513
El-Badry, Kareem and Rix, Hans-Walter (2018) Imprints of white dwarf recoil in the separation distribution of Gaia wide binaries; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 480; No. 4; 4884-4902; 10.1093/mnras/sty2186
El-Badry, Kareem and Bland-Hawthorn, Joss, et el. (2018) Where are the most ancient stars in the Milky Way?; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 480; No. 1; 652-668; PMCID PMC6301095; 10.1093/mnras/sty1864
Fitts, Alex and Boylan-Kolchin, Michael, et el. (2018) No assembly required: mergers are mostly irrelevant for the growth of low-mass dwarf galaxies; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 479; No. 1; 319-331; 10.1093/mnras/sty1488
Chan, T. K. and Kereš, D., et el. (2018) The origin of ultra diffuse galaxies: stellar feedback and quenching; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 478; No. 1; 906-925; PMCID PMC6295926; 10.1093/mnras/sty1153
Hopkins, Philip F. and Wetzel, Andrew, et el. (2018) How to model supernovae in simulations of star and galaxy formation; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 477; No. 2; 1578-1603; 10.1093/mnras/sty674
El-Badry, Kareem and Bradford, Jeremy, et el. (2018) Gas kinematics in FIRE simulated galaxies compared to spatially unresolved H I observations; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 477; No. 2; 1536-1548; PMCID PMC6350816; 10.1093/mnras/sty730
El-Badry, Kareem and Rix, Hans-Walter, et el. (2018) An Empirical Measurement of the Initial–Final Mass Relation with Gaia White Dwarfs; Astrophysical Journal Letters; Vol. 860; No. 2; Art. No. L17; 10.3847/2041-8213/aaca9c
El-Badry, Kareem and Ting, Yuan-Sen, et el. (2018) Discovery and characterization of 3000+ main-sequence binaries from APOGEE spectra; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 476; No. 1; 528-553; 10.1093/mnras/sty240
El-Badry, Kareem and Rix, Hans-Walter, et el. (2018) Signatures of unresolved binaries in stellar spectra: implications for spectral fitting; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 473; No. 4; 5043-5049; 10.1093/mnras/stx2758
El-Badry, Kareem and Quataert, Eliot, et el. (2018) Gas kinematics, morphology and angular momentum in the FIRE simulations; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 473; No. 2; 1930-1955; 10.1093/mnras/stx2482
El-Badry, Kareem and Weisz, Daniel R., et el. (2017) The statistical challenge of constraining the low-mass IMF in Local Group dwarf galaxies; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society; Vol. 468; No. 1; 319-332; 10.1093/mnras/stx436
El-Badry, Kareem and Wetzel, Andrew R., et el. (2017) When the Jeans do not Fit: How Stellar Feedback Drives Stellar Kinematics and Complicates Dynamical Modeling in Low-mass Galaxies; Astrophysical Journal; Vol. 835; No. 2; Art. No. 193; 10.3847/1538-4357/835/2/193
El-Badry, Kareem and Wetzel, Andrew, et el. (2016) Breathing FIRE: How Stellar Feedback Drives Radial Migration, Rapid Size Fluctuations, and Population Gradients in Low-Mass Galaxies; Astrophysical Journal; Vol. 820; No. 2; Art. No. 131; 10.3847/0004-637X/820/2/131