[ { "id": "authors:cv4ah-fx935", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "cv4ah-fx935", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/cv4ah-fx935", "type": "article", "title": "Overcoming Barriers to Dynamic Phase-Only Modulation in Transmissive Metasurfaces via Diffraction Control", "author": [ { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Juyoung", "clpid": "Kim-Juyoung" }, { "family_name": "Sokhoyan", "given_name": "Ruzan", "orcid": "0000-0003-4599-6350", "clpid": "Sokhoyan-Ruzan" }, { "family_name": "Yi", "given_name": "Minkyoon" }, { "family_name": "Han", "given_name": "Sangjun", "orcid": "0000-0002-8226-7547" }, { "family_name": "Atwater", "given_name": "Harry A.", "orcid": "0000-0001-9435-0201", "clpid": "Atwater-H-A" }, { "family_name": "Jang", "given_name": "Min Seok", "orcid": "0000-0002-5683-1925", "clpid": "Jang-Min-Seok" } ], "abstract": "Active photonic systems comprising arrays of active metasurfaces\u2500arrays of tunable resonators\u2500offer dynamic wavefront control at subwavelength scales. Transmissive metasurfaces are an essential requirement in cascaded arrays of metasurfaces and enable integration with chip-scale light sources and detectors. However, most existing active phase control metasurface designs are reflective due to fundamental limitations in single-resonance transmissive architectures, which typically exhibit a transmission null at resonance and restrict transmitted phase shifts to 0-180\u00b0. We report an approach to overcome these constraints by introducing additional diffraction ports in reflection while maintaining a single transmission port. This configuration enables continuous 0-360\u00b0 phase tuning in transmission using a single resonance while avoiding the transmission zero. Moreover, we analytically demonstrate using temporal coupled-mode theory that this approach supports a spectrally flat transmission amplitude across the entire phase range\u2500an effect previously observed only in multiresonant (Kerker-type) systems. Unlike those, our design allows dynamic phase control with a single resonance and a constant transmission. To validate our theory, we present proof-of-concept active metasurfaces using lithium niobate as the tunable material. Two designs are explored via full-wave simulations: one using high-Q germanium Mie resonators at 3 \u03bcm, achieving \u223c250\u00b0 tunable phase shift with constant transmission amplitude \u223c0.45; and another using silicon resonators at telecom wavelengths, demonstrating \u223c300\u00b0 phase shift with amplitude \u223c0.4. Both approach the theoretical transmission bound of 0.5. Our approach enables compact, dynamically tunable transmissive metasurfaces with near-ideal phase and amplitude characteristics, paving the way for integrated, reconfigurable metasurfaces.", "doi": "10.1021/acsnano.5c13223", "issn": "1936-0851", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "ACS Nano", "publication_date": "2026-03-03", "series_number": "8", "volume": "20", "issue": "8", "pages": "6622-6631" }, { "id": "authors:w1bq3-nbf17", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "w1bq3-nbf17", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/w1bq3-nbf17", "type": "article", "title": "High quality factor metasurfaces for two-dimensional wavefront manipulation", "author": [ { "family_name": "Hail", "given_name": "Claudio U.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6553-5135", "clpid": "Hail-Claudio-U" }, { "family_name": "Foley", "given_name": "Morgan", "clpid": "Foley-Morgan" }, { "family_name": "Sokhoyan", "given_name": "Ruzan", "orcid": "0000-0003-4599-6350", "clpid": "Sokhoyan-Ruzan" }, { "family_name": "Michaeli", "given_name": "Lior", "orcid": "0000-0002-9351-1111", "clpid": "Michaeli-Lior" }, { "family_name": "Atwater", "given_name": "Harry A.", "orcid": "0000-0001-9435-0201", "clpid": "Atwater-H-A" } ], "abstract": "

The strong interaction of light with micro- and nanostructures plays a critical role in optical sensing, nonlinear optics, active optical devices, and quantum optics. However, for wavefront shaping, the required local control over light at a subwavelength scale limits this interaction, typically leading to low-quality-factor optical devices. Here, we demonstrate an avenue towards high-quality-factor wavefront shaping in two spatial dimensions based on all-dielectric higher-order Mie-resonant metasurfaces. We design and experimentally realize transmissive band stop filters, beam deflectors and high numerical aperture radial lenses with measured quality factors in the range of 202\u20131475 at near-infrared wavelengths. The excited optical mode and resulting wavefront control are both local, allowing versatile operation with finite apertures and oblique illumination. Our results represent an improvement in quality factor by nearly two orders of magnitude over previous localized mode designs, and provide a design approach for a new class of compact optical devices.

", "doi": "10.1038/s41467-023-44164-4", "pmcid": "PMC10733294", "issn": "2041-1723", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Nature Communications", "publication_date": "2023-12-20", "volume": "14", "pages": "8476" }, { "id": "authors:vmcr5-vnq26", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "vmcr5-vnq26", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20230221-20005500.60", "type": "article", "title": "Electrically tunable conducting oxide metasurfaces for high power applications", "author": [ { "family_name": "Sokhoyan", "given_name": "Ruzan", "orcid": "0000-0003-4599-6350", "clpid": "Sokhoyan-Ruzan" }, { "family_name": "Thureja", "given_name": "Prachi", "orcid": "0000-0003-3852-3395", "clpid": "Thureja-Prachi" }, { "family_name": "Sisler", "given_name": "Jared", "orcid": "0000-0002-0660-7909", "clpid": "Sisler-Jared" }, { "family_name": "Grajower", "given_name": "Meir", "orcid": "0000-0003-0726-8811", "clpid": "Grajower-Meir" }, { "family_name": "Shayegan", "given_name": "Komron", "orcid": "0000-0002-1532-357X", "clpid": "Shayegan-Komron-J" }, { "family_name": "Feigenbaum", "given_name": "Eyal", "orcid": "0000-0001-8101-5105", "clpid": "Feigenbaum-Eyal" }, { "family_name": "Elhadj", "given_name": "Selim", "orcid": "0000-0003-3249-0588", "clpid": "Elhadj-Selim" }, { "family_name": "Atwater", "given_name": "Harry A.", "orcid": "0000-0001-9435-0201", "clpid": "Atwater-H-A" } ], "abstract": "Active metasurfaces designed to operate at optical frequencies are flat optical elements that can dynamic, subwavelength-scale wavefront control of reflected or transmitted light. The practical and fundamental power-handling limits of active metasurfaces at high pulse energies and high average powers determine the potential applications for these emerging photonic components. Here, we investigate thermal performance limits of reflective gate-tunable conducting oxide metasurfaces illuminated with high power density laser beams, for both continuous wave (CW) and pulsed laser illumination. Our gate-tunable metasurfaces use indium tin oxide (ITO) as an active material, which undergoes an epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) transition under applied electrical bias. We experimentally show that under CW illumination, there is no significant change in the electrically tunable metasurface optical response for high irradiances ranging from 1.6 kW/cm\u00b2 to 9.1 kW/cm\u00b2 when the illuminating laser beam diameter is 7\u00a0\u03bcm. Even under an applied bias, when over 60% of the incoming light is absorbed in a 1 nm\u2013thick charge accumulation layer within ITO, the local temperature rise in the metasurface is modest, supporting its robustness for high-power applications. Additionally, we theoretically show that in the ENZ regime, the metasurface reflectance can be increased by a factor of 10 by replacing the active ITO layer with cadmium oxide (CdO). Thus conducting oxide metasurfaces can tolerate the power densities needed in higher power applications, including free space optical communications, to light detection and ranging (LiDAR), as well as laser-based additive manufacturing.", "doi": "10.1515/nanoph-2022-0594", "issn": "2192-8614", "publisher": "Walter de Gruyter GmbH", "publication": "Nanophotonics", "publication_date": "2023-01", "series_number": "2", "volume": "12", "issue": "2", "pages": "239-253" }, { "id": "authors:2qs6k-c6606", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "2qs6k-c6606", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20220804-250035000", "type": "article", "title": "Toward a universal metasurface for optical imaging, communication, and computation", "author": [ { "family_name": "Thureja", "given_name": "Prachi", "orcid": "0000-0003-3852-3395", "clpid": "Thureja-Prachi" }, { "family_name": "Sokhoyan", "given_name": "Ruzan", "orcid": "0000-0003-4599-6350", "clpid": "Sokhoyan-Ruzan" }, { "family_name": "Hail", "given_name": "Claudio U.", "orcid": "0000-0001-6553-5135", "clpid": "Hail-Claudio-U" }, { "family_name": "Sisler", "given_name": "Jared", "orcid": "0000-0002-0660-7909", "clpid": "Sisler-Jared" }, { "family_name": "Foley", "given_name": "Morgan", "orcid": "0000-0002-0828-7240", "clpid": "Foley-Morgan" }, { "family_name": "Grajower", "given_name": "Meir Y.", "orcid": "0000-0003-0726-8811", "clpid": "Grajower-Meir-Y" }, { "family_name": "Atwater", "given_name": "Harry A.", "orcid": "0000-0001-9435-0201", "clpid": "Atwater-H-A" } ], "abstract": "In recent years, active metasurfaces have emerged as a reconfigurable nanophotonic platform for the manipulation of light. Here, application of an external stimulus to resonant subwavelength scatterers enables dynamic control over the wavefront of reflected or transmitted light. In principle, active metasurfaces are capable of controlling key characteristic properties of an electromagnetic wave, such as its amplitude, phase, polarization, spectrum, and momentum. A 'universal' active metasurface should be able to provide independent and continuous control over all characteristic properties of light for deterministic wavefront shaping. In this article, we discuss strategies for the realization of this goal. Specifically, we describe approaches for high performance active metasurfaces, examine pathways for achieving two-dimensional control architectures, and discuss operating configurations for optical imaging, communication, and computation applications based on a universal active metasurface.", "doi": "10.1515/nanoph-2022-0155", "issn": "2192-8606", "publisher": "De Gruyter", "publication": "Nanophotonics", "publication_date": "2022-08-09" }, { "id": "authors:06ny5-78w90", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "06ny5-78w90", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210625-193647540", "type": "article", "title": "Near-Infrared Active Metasurface for Dynamic Polarization Conversion", "author": [ { "family_name": "Wu", "given_name": "Pin Chieh", "orcid": "0000-0002-5781-9696", "clpid": "Wu-Pin-Chieh" }, { "family_name": "Sokhoyan", "given_name": "Ruzan", "orcid": "0000-0003-4599-6350", "clpid": "Sokhoyan-Ruzan" }, { "family_name": "Shirmanesh", "given_name": "Ghazaleh Kafaie", "orcid": "0000-0003-1666-3215", "clpid": "Shirmanesh-Ghazaleh-Kafaie" }, { "family_name": "Cheng", "given_name": "Wen\u2010Hui", "clpid": "Cheng-Wen\u2010Hui" }, { "family_name": "Atwater", "given_name": "Harry A.", "orcid": "0000-0001-9435-0201", "clpid": "Atwater-H-A" } ], "abstract": "Control of optical polarization is central to harnessing the properties of electromagnetic radiation for many applications, including 3D imaging and quantum computation. However, conventional optical polarizing components are typically bulky and static, that is, fixed in their degree of polarization control. Active metasurfaces have potential for versatile polarization control in a compact form factor by temporally modulating electromagnetic amplitudes and phase between orthogonal electric field components. Here, dynamic control of the polarization state of reflected light from an active metasurface is demonstrated. The metasurface uses indium tin oxide (ITO) as an active element in an array of aluminum nanoantennas operating in the telecom range. Applying an electrical bias between the ITO layer and the back reflector modulates the carrier concentration in ITO at the gate-dielectric/ITO interface, resulting in complex refractive index modulation in the epsilon-near-zero condition. This index modulation alters the degree of excitation of plasmonic modes corresponding to the orthogonal polarization components, leading to polarization modulation. By suitably biasing the metasurface, linearly polarized incident light can be converted to cross-polarized, circularly polarized or elliptically polarized light upon reflection. Dynamic control of the reflected polarization state has potentially wide applications in dynamic wave plates, spatial light modulators, and adaptive wavefront control.", "doi": "10.1002/adom.202100230", "issn": "2195-1071", "publisher": "Wiley", "publication": "Advanced Optical Materials", "publication_date": "2021-08-18", "series_number": "16", "volume": "9", "issue": "16", "pages": "Art. No. 2100230" }, { "id": "authors:8m58z-15464", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "8m58z-15464", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20210401-142247802", "type": "article", "title": "Toward high laser power beam manipulation with nanophotonic materials: evaluating thin film damage performance", "author": [ { "family_name": "Tumkur", "given_name": "T. U.", "orcid": "0000-0002-0355-3423", "clpid": "Tumkur-Thejaswi-U" }, { "family_name": "Sokhoyan", "given_name": "R.", "orcid": "0000-0003-4599-6350", "clpid": "Sokhoyan-Ruzan" }, { "family_name": "Su", "given_name": "M. P.", "orcid": "0000-0003-4898-5024", "clpid": "Su-Magel-P" }, { "family_name": "Ceballos-Sanchez", "given_name": "A.", "clpid": "Ceballos-Sanchez-A" }, { "family_name": "Kafaie Shirmanesh", "given_name": "G.", "clpid": "Kafaie Shirmanesh-G" }, { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Y.", "clpid": "Kim-Y" }, { "family_name": "Atwater", "given_name": "H. A.", "orcid": "0000-0001-9435-0201", "clpid": "Atwater-H-A" }, { "family_name": "Feigenbaum", "given_name": "E.", "orcid": "0000-0001-8101-5105", "clpid": "Feigenbaum-Eyal" }, { "family_name": "Elhadj", "given_name": "S.", "clpid": "Elhadj-S" } ], "abstract": "Nanophotonic materials enable unprecedented control of light-matter interactions, including the ability to dynamically steer or shape wavefronts. Consequently, nanophotonic systems such as metasurfaces have been touted as promising candidates for free-space optical communications, directed energy and additive manufacturing, which currently rely on slow mechanical scanners or electro-optical components for beam steering and shaping. However, such applications necessitate the ability to support high laser irradiances (> kW/cm\u00b2) and systematic studies on the high-power laser damage performance of nanophotonic materials and designs are sparse. Here, we experimentally investigate the pulsed laser-induced damage performance (at \u03bb \u223c 1 \u00b5m) of model nanophotonic thin films including gold, indium tin oxide, and refractory materials such as titanium nitride and titanium oxynitride. We also model the spatio-thermal dissipation dynamics upon single-pulse illumination by anchoring experimental laser damage thresholds. Our findings show that gold exhibits the best laser damage resistance, but we argue that alternative materials such as transparent conducting oxides could be optimized to balance the tradeoff between damage resistance and optical tunability, which is critical for the design of thermally robust nanophotonic systems. We also discuss damage mitigation and ruggedization strategies for future device-scale studies and applications requiring high power beam manipulation.", "doi": "10.1364/oe.413843", "issn": "1094-4087", "publisher": "Optical Society of America", "publication": "Optics Express", "publication_date": "2021-03-01", "series_number": "5", "volume": "29", "issue": "5", "pages": "7261-7275" }, { "id": "authors:zbwea-wye14", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "zbwea-wye14", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20201102-102851756", "type": "article", "title": "Array-Level Inverse Design of Beam Steering Active Metasurfaces", "author": [ { "family_name": "Thureja", "given_name": "Prachi", "orcid": "0000-0003-3852-3395", "clpid": "Thureja-Prachi" }, { "family_name": "Shirmanesh", "given_name": "Ghazaleh Kafaie", "orcid": "0000-0003-1666-3215", "clpid": "Shirmanesh-Ghazaleh-Kafaie" }, { "family_name": "Fountaine", "given_name": "Katherine T.", "orcid": "0000-0002-0414-8227", "clpid": "Fountaine-Katherine-T" }, { "family_name": "Sokhoyan", "given_name": "Ruzan", "orcid": "0000-0003-4599-6350", "clpid": "Sokhoyan-Ruzan" }, { "family_name": "Grajower", "given_name": "Meir", "orcid": "0000-0003-0726-8811", "clpid": "Grajower-Meir" }, { "family_name": "Atwater", "given_name": "Harry A.", "orcid": "0000-0001-9435-0201", "clpid": "Atwater-H-A" } ], "abstract": "We report an array-level inverse design approach to optimize the beam steering performance of active metasurfaces, thus overcoming the limitations posed by nonideal metasurface phase and amplitude tuning. In contrast to device-level topology optimization of passive metasurfaces, the outlined system-level optimization framework relies on the electrical tunability of geometrically identical nanoantennas, enabling the design of active antenna arrays with variable spatial phase and amplitude profiles. Based on this method, we demonstrate high-directivity, continuous beam steering up to 70\u00b0 for phased arrays with realistic tunable antenna designs, despite nonidealities such as strong covariation of scattered light amplitude with phase. Nonintuitive array phase and amplitude profiles further facilitate beam steering with a phase modulation range as low as 180\u00b0. Furthermore, we use the device geometries presented in this work for experimental validation of the system-level inverse design approach of active beam steering metasurfaces. The proposed method offers a framework to optimize nanophotonic structures at the array level that is potentially applicable to a wide variety of objective functions and actively tunable metasurface antenna array platforms.", "doi": "10.1021/acsnano.0c05026", "issn": "1936-0851", "publisher": "American Chemical Society", "publication": "ACS Nano", "publication_date": "2020-11-24", "series_number": "11", "volume": "14", "issue": "11", "pages": "15042-15055" }, { "id": "authors:7nvfx-rb778", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "7nvfx-rb778", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190813-112158655", "type": "article", "title": "Dynamic beam steering with all-dielectric electro-optic III-V multiple-quantum-well metasurfaces", "author": [ { "family_name": "Wu", "given_name": "Pin Chieh", "orcid": "0000-0002-5781-9696", "clpid": "Wu-Pin-Chieh" }, { "family_name": "Pala", "given_name": "Ragip A.", "clpid": "Pala-Ragip-A" }, { "family_name": "Kafaie Shirmanesh", "given_name": "Ghazaleh", "orcid": "0000-0003-1666-3215", "clpid": "Kafaie-Shirmanesh-Ghazaleh" }, { "family_name": "Cheng", "given_name": "Wen-Hui", "orcid": "0000-0003-3233-4606", "clpid": "Cheng-Wen-Hui" }, { "family_name": "Sokhoyan", "given_name": "Ruzan", "orcid": "0000-0003-4599-6350", "clpid": "Sokhoyan-Ruzan" }, { "family_name": "Grajower", "given_name": "Meir", "clpid": "Grajower-Meir" }, { "family_name": "Alam", "given_name": "Muhammad Z.", "clpid": "Alam-Muhammad-Z" }, { "family_name": "Lee", "given_name": "Duhyun", "clpid": "Lee-Duhyun" }, { "family_name": "Atwater", "given_name": "Harry A.", "orcid": "0000-0001-9435-0201", "clpid": "Atwater-H-A" } ], "abstract": "Tunable metasurfaces enable dynamical control of the key constitutive properties of light at a subwavelength scale. To date, electrically tunable metasurfaces at near-infrared wavelengths have been realized using free carrier modulation, and switching of thermo-optical, liquid crystal and phase change media. However, the highest performance and lowest loss discrete optoelectronic modulators exploit the electro-optic effect in multiple-quantum-well heterostructures. Here, we report an all-dielectric active metasurface based on electro-optically tunable III\u2013V multiple-quantum-wells patterned into subwavelength elements that each supports a hybrid Mie-guided mode resonance. The quantum-confined Stark effect actively modulates this volumetric hybrid resonance, and we observe a relative reflectance modulation of 270% and a phase shift from 0\u00b0 to ~70\u00b0. Additionally, we demonstrate beam steering by applying an electrical bias to each element to actively change the metasurface period, an approach that can also realize tunable metalenses, active polarizers, and flat spatial light modulators.", "doi": "10.1038/s41467-019-11598-8", "pmcid": "PMC6692380", "issn": "2041-1723", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Nature Communications", "publication_date": "2019-08-13", "volume": "10", "pages": "Art. No. 3654" }, { "id": "authors:9qn2e-c0h73", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "9qn2e-c0h73", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20190404-085521283", "type": "article", "title": "Tunable all-dielectric metasurface for phase modulation of the reflected and transmitted light via permittivity tuning of indium tin oxide", "author": [ { "family_name": "Forouzmand", "given_name": "Ali", "orcid": "0000-0001-7740-4992", "clpid": "Forouzmand-Ali" }, { "family_name": "Salary", "given_name": "Mohammad Mahdi", "clpid": "Salary-Mohammad-Mahdi" }, { "family_name": "Kafaie Shirmanesh", "given_name": "Ghazaleh", "orcid": "0000-0003-1666-3215", "clpid": "Kafaie-Shirmanesh-Ghazaleh" }, { "family_name": "Sokhoyan", "given_name": "Ruzan", "orcid": "0000-0003-4599-6350", "clpid": "Sokhoyan-Ruzan" }, { "family_name": "Atwater", "given_name": "Harry A.", "orcid": "0000-0001-9435-0201", "clpid": "Atwater-H-A" }, { "family_name": "Mosallaei", "given_name": "Hossein", "clpid": "Mosallaei-Hossein" } ], "abstract": "We propose an electrically tunable metasurface, which can achieve relatively large phase modulation in both reflection and transmission modes (dual-mode operation). By integration of an ultrathin layer of indium tin oxide (ITO) as an electro-optically tunable material into a semiconductor-insulator-semiconductor (SIS) unit cell, we report an approach for active tuning of all-dielectric metasurfaces. The proposed controllable dual-mode metasurface includes an array of silicon (Si) nanodisks connected together via Si nanobars. These are placed on top of alumina and ITO layers, followed by a Si slab and a silica substrate. The required optical resonances are separately excited by Si nanobars in reflection and Si nanodisks in transmission, enabling highly confined electromagnetic fields at the ITO-alumina interface. Modulation of charge carrier concentration and refractive index in the ITO accumulation layer by varying the applied bias voltage leads to 240\u00b0 of phase agility at an operating wavelength of 1696 nm for the reflected transverse electric (TE)-polarized beam and 270\u00b0 of phase shift at 1563 nm for the transmitted transverse magnetic (TM)-polarized light. Independent and isolated control of the reflection and transmission modes enables distinctly different functions to be achieved for each operation mode. A rigorous coupled electrical and optical model is employed to characterize the carrier distributions in ITO and Si under applied bias and to accurately assess the voltage-dependent effects of inhomogeneous carrier profiles on the optical behavior of a unit cell.", "doi": "10.1515/nanoph-2018-0176", "issn": "2192-8614", "publisher": "Walter de Gruyter GmbH", "publication": "Nanophotonics", "publication_date": "2019-03", "series_number": "3", "volume": "8", "issue": "3", "pages": "415-427" }, { "id": "authors:afv6w-g0245", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "afv6w-g0245", "cite_using_url": "https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20171121-092456068", "type": "article", "title": "Dynamically controlled Purcell enhancement of visible spontaneous emission in a gated plasmonic heterostructure", "author": [ { "family_name": "Lu", "given_name": "Yu-Jung", "orcid": "0000-0002-3932-653X", "clpid": "Lu-Yu-Jung" }, { "family_name": "Sokhoyan", "given_name": "Ruzan", "orcid": "0000-0003-4599-6350", "clpid": "Sokhoyan-Ruzan" }, { "family_name": "Cheng", "given_name": "Wen-Hui", "orcid": "0000-0003-3233-4606", "clpid": "Cheng-Wen-Hui" }, { "family_name": "Kafaie Shirmanesh", "given_name": "Ghazaleh", "orcid": "0000-0003-1666-3215", "clpid": "Kafaie-Shirmanesh-G" }, { "family_name": "Davoyan", "given_name": "Artur R.", "orcid": "0000-0002-4662-1158", "clpid": "Davoyan-Artur-R" }, { "family_name": "Pala", "given_name": "Ragip A.", "clpid": "Pala-Ragip-A" }, { "family_name": "Thyagarajan", "given_name": "Krishnan", "clpid": "Thyagarajan-Krishnan" }, { "family_name": "Atwater", "given_name": "Harry A.", "orcid": "0000-0001-9435-0201", "clpid": "Atwater-H-A" } ], "abstract": "Emission control of colloidal quantum dots (QDs) is a cornerstone of modern high-quality lighting and display technologies. Dynamic emission control of colloidal QDs in an optoelectronic device is usually achieved by changing the optical pump intensity or injection current density. Here we propose and demonstrate a distinctly different mechanism for the temporal modulation of QD emission intensity at constant optical pumping rate. Our mechanism is based on the electrically controlled modulation of the local density of optical states (LDOS) at the position of the QDs, resulting in the modulation of the QD spontaneous emission rate, far-field emission intensity, and quantum yield. We manipulate the LDOS via field effect-induced optical permittivity modulation of an ultrathin titanium nitride (TiN) film, which is incorporated in a gated TiN/SiO_2/Ag plasmonic heterostructure. The demonstrated electrical control of the colloidal QD emission provides a new approach for modulating intensity of light in displays and other optoelectronics.", "doi": "10.1038/s41467-017-01870-0", "pmcid": "PMC5696373", "issn": "2041-1723", "publisher": "Nature Publishing Group", "publication": "Nature Communications", "publication_date": "2017-11-21", "volume": "8", "pages": "Art. No. 1631" } ]